Neue Synagoge (The New Synagogue), Berlin

Neue Synagoge
Oranienburger Straße 30

Model of the building, showing
the immense space of the main
sanctuary, to the right

We like to speak of the cities we visit as “full of stories” and of course every city — because of its distinctive history, its people, and their values — provides a wealth of experience, education, and entertainment for most of us as tourists. To my way of thinking, Berlin is one of the best. I love Berlin, and I have gone there often (and wouldn’t mind going more often if I could). And when friends ask me what they should do when they come to Berlin, the New Synagogue is at the top of the list.

For one thing, this remarkable building — an architectural gem of the mid-19^th century and an historical monument — was designed by Eduard Knoblauch (1801-1865), who had studied under Karl Friederich Schinkel, one of the best-regarded architects of his period. The New Synagogue was completed after Knoblauch’s death by his friend from his student days, Friedrich August Stüler, who himself took on the duties relating to the building’s construction and its interior arrangements.

The location itself is remarkable as well, for the New Synagogue is located in one of the most interesting parts of the city. At Oranienburger Straße 30 and not far from the famous Hackescher Markt, the stately building with its stunning eastern Moorish style stands out on one of Berlin’s most pleasant streets. But the building we see today is not exactly the building that Knoblauch designed and Stüler completed.

That building was constructed between 1859 and 1866. Today’s building dates largely from 1988 to 1995. So what happened? In its original incarnation, the building was one of the major religious and cultural centers of Jewish life in Berlin. With regard to the latter, for example, we find reference to an event held on January 30, 1930, as recorded in the synagogue records:

…the “Jadlowker Synagogue Concert” for the benefit of the welfare institutions of the Berlin Jewish Community. Hermann Jadlowker, appointed in 1912 to the Berlin Opera at the recommendation of the German Kaiser, had been cantor in a Riga synagogue since the 1920s. Now he gave a concert in Berlin, and his name attracted thousands to the New Synagogue. In the course of this concert, Albert Einstein and the physician Alfred Lewandowski, a son of Louis Lewandowski, performed two violin duets by Handel and Bach.

Two internal windows

Such cultural activities became important to German Jews, and two more examples are cited in the history, the Berlin premier of the oratorio by Ferdinand Hiller, “The Destruction of Jerusalem” on November 20, 1935 and the performance of Handel’s “Saul” in early 1938. But such events were soon thrown into the past, for the growing evils of Germany’s regime created new terrors for the synagogue’s members and their families.

On November 9-10, 1938 Berlin’s infamous “Kristallnacht” (also called the “November Pogrom” in some histories) did not spare the New Synagogue. One warmly remembered hero was Wilhelm Krützfeld, the chief of the district police precinct. A fire had been started in the synagogue’s wedding hall and Krützfeld — now remembered as the “courageous chief” — and two of his men, fully armed, came to the scene and chased the arsonists away. Having with him a file containing a letter describing the building’s “significant artistic and cultural value,” he was able to save the building.

For a while, the building continued to be used for limited religious purposes. The final Rosh Hashanah service took place on September 14, 1939, and no services of any kind took place after April, 1940. Ultimately, the New Synagogue was taken over by the army and used as the Military Clothing Office.

Painted ceiling with damage

As the synagogue is located in central Berlin, it suffered heavy damage in Allied bombings of the German capital. The small Jewish population remaining in Berlin after the war faced problems greater than restoring the building, which fell into disuse and decay. In the summer of 1958 — on never-explained or justified orders of the GDR — a large part of what remained of the synagogue was destroyed. As I mentioned at the beginning of this post, it would not be until 1988-1995 that the New Synagogue would once again take its place as one of the wonders of Berlin. That it took seven years to reconstruct the building was no accident. The target dates for the reconstruction were carefully chosen to correspond with the original seven-year building period from 1859-1866.

Opening Hours sign
for the New Synagogue
library

At the re-opening of the building on the evening of May 7, 1995 — the eve of the 50^th anniversary of the city’s liberation — in a “solemn ceremony” attended by the Federal President, the Chancellor, and numerous honored guests, the building was given to the people of Berlin. Its purpose, as noted on one of the first placards the visitor reads on entering the building, is to be a “place of learning, remembrance, and exchange.”

One of the goals of the reconstruction is to give visitors a sense of the Jewish life that once flourished in Berlin. It was a splendid structure, considered by some to be the most beautiful and magnificent synagogue in Germany. It was certainly the largest, with a seating capacity for 3,000 worshipers, and it was built to serve the city’s growing mid-19^th century Jewish population, which was expanding at this time, largely through immigration from Eastern Europe and Russia.

Empty space outside the building
where the main sanctuary stood

The New Synagogue — now known also as the Centrum Judaicum — has become an important attraction for visitors to the city. So it’s a fascinating story, and a visit to the building, now partially reconstructed, is very satisfying. Even what is still missing from this great building can be of interest, and one of the great pleasures (so to speak) of the visit is to be able to see the space where the great hall stood. A glass and steel wall connects the inside of the building with the outside, and the “footprints” of the now-gone columns can be seen on the ground of the open space. As described on the placard mentioned earlier, the glass and steel wall also links to the synagogue’s historic vestibule with a permanent exhibition “Open Ye Gates — The New Synagogue Berlin 1866-1995” and the building’s former main hall. It is a thrilling space to visit and gives the visitor an awesome sense of all that happened in the New Synagogue. 

[Historical Notes based on The New Synagogue, Berlin Past-Present-Future by Hermann Simon (Berlin: Edition Hentrich Berlin, 1999)

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Guy St. Clair is the author of Knowledge Services: A Strategic Framework for the 21st Century Organization (Munich and Boston: De Gruyter, 2016). His Amazon author page is amazon.com/author/guystclair.

Frances Hesselbein: Knowledge Sharing at Its Best

Frances Hesselbein

Readers of these posts are aware that my professional focus (and often much of my personal attention) is on knowledge services.

We define knowledge services simply: it is an approach to managing what we know by pulling together information management, knowledge management (KM), and strategic learning. It works for us as individuals, and in the larger scheme of things, knowledge services benefits any organization or group in which the discipline is practiced. As a compound noun, we describe knowledge services in the singular ("knowledge services is...") and with the convergence of these three splendid practices — information management, KM, and strategic learning — we position ourselves for using knowledge for its best purposes, however we wish to define those purposes.

Indeed, the best way to describe knowledge services is to think about the concept as what I've come to call "knowledge sharing," that is, the efforts we all make to ensure that that our knowledge "helps." When we share knowledge — and learn from the knowledge others share — we are able to move things along, to get things done.

It is in this frame of mind that I offer this post to honor one of the most successful practitioners of knowledge sharing I know. She is Frances Hesselbein, President and CEO of the Frances Hesselbein Leadership Institute (founded in 1990 as The Peter F. Drucker Foundation for Nonprofit Management and renamed in 2012 to honor Mrs. Hesselbein). I've known Frances Hesselbein for several years now, and I am impressed — as is everyone who knows her — with the many honors and awards she has received. And who wouldn't be? Among these have been the Presidential Medal of Freedom, awarded by President Clinton in 1998 for her leadership as CEO of Girl Scouts of the U.S.A. from 1976-1990, and her distinction in 2015 by Fortune as one of the world's 50 greatest leaders.

And it is that connection with the Girl Scouts that brings us to what I'm writing here, for I want to connect the excellence of Mrs. Hesselbein's work with girls and young women when she managed the Girl Scouts with my October 11th post (Ada and Michelle — Let's Focus on Girls Education). When Mrs. Hesselbein came to the Girl Scouts in 1976, the organization was having some difficulties and when she — using her well-developed leadership skills — took over, she was able to realign the organization through a major turnaround. As described by Sally Helgesen in Strategy + Business in May, 2015, the Girl Scouts was attempting to deal with "a declining membership, a dearth of volunteers, and a growing reputation for irrelevance." Turnaround? Absolutely, for under Frances Hesselbein's guidance the organization became — as Helgesen described her success — "a cohesive and growing enterprise, focused in helping girls from diverse backgrounds achieve their highest potential through a contemporary program that emphasized leadership, science, technology, and math."

So for those of us who know and respect Mrs. Hesselbein, leadership is the thing, the very essence of any description of her success. In fact there are many of us who, out of respect for her many years of success in the field, have come to think of Mrs. Hesselbein as sort of the "dean" of leadership development today. Yet there is another side to the story when we talk about her leadership success, one that matches up with that knowledge sharing I referred to earlier. As we commit to our goal for educating girls and young women and, not to put too fine a point on it, combining that goal with enabling all women to connect with leadership, it is in Mrs. Hesselbein's outstanding talent for sharing knowledge that we realize just how important it is to link leadership and knowledge sharing.

An example? On October 13 I was fortunate to hear her opening keynote address for the Global Women's Leadership Summit. Mrs. Hesselbein's theme was clear from the first: leaders today — and those who aspire to leadership — understand that our modern society requires a new commitment to leadership, a framework for leadership that refutes the low level of trust and the high level of cynicism being experienced in all of society. And, not surprising to her audience, Mrs. Hesselbein recommended a solution. This pioneer in leadership (and in knowledge sharing as well, as I am characterizing her) described for conference attendees a plan, a list she referred to as her Imperatives of Leadership.

I heard five specific imperatives from Frances Hesselbein:

1. Challenge the gospel of the status quo. It is her own "imperative" but Mrs. Hesselbein was generous to recognize (here and often in her address) the strong connection and friendship she had with Peter Drucker and here she shared a singularly appropriate line of thought. In any organization, those in leadership positions must keep the organization's vision, mission, and values at the very center of the organization, enabling the leaders to build — as they move the organization forward — the organization as an organ of the future.
2. Build collaborations, alliances, and partnerships. Mrs. Hesselbein has worked in 68 countries and how does she do it all? She uses technology to keep innovative dialogue alive and strong, and she makes no secret of the importance and value of education and learning. In her address, she quoted William Butler Yeats ("Education is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of a fire"). Following this thought, she admonished all with leadership responsibility to look "beyond the walls of the organization" by simply asking: "And who does that?" Her response was clear and to the point, taking us back to strategic learning and knowledge sharing: "Learning leaders," she said, and left no doubt in her listeners' minds about who she expected to take charge when it is time to light the fire.
3. For her third leadership direction, Mrs. Hesselbein related her comment (for those of us who know a little of her history) to all of the work she has undertaken throughout her professional career. "Build a richly diverse enterprise," she said. If there is a single goal of the Frances Hesselbein Leadership Institute, it would be to provide equal access. It is a task that cannot be delegated, simply because — as she stated it — "civility and good manners come directly 'from the front' and leaders are responsible for equal access and diversity in the organizations they lead." Or, perhaps more to the point for today's audience: "Are we building today the richly diverse community for the future?"
4. For leaders, the objective must be to manage and to understand the power of the vision, mission, and values of the organization. That's what innovates the organization's leaders, Mrs. Hesselbein said, reminding her listeners of Drucker's critical dictum: we manage not only for the success of our immediate organizations but for the greater good. As leaders we are not in the role of describing for the organization's workers "how to do." The goal is to demonstrate for them "how to be," a thought that led to another thought from Drucker, that innovation is the change that creates a new dimension of performance. In our current society, we look around and we see that now is the time to lead, to develop our checklist to the leaders of the future so that we enable them to establish and adhere to values-based and demographic-driven leadership principles for leading the organization and its people. 
5. With the last of her leadership imperatives, Frances Hesselbein brought us around to communication, that critical foundation for just about everything we do in the organizations for which we are responsible. She gave considerable attention to the idea that communication is "being heard" and she stated unapologetically that "we need leaders who practice listening." Successful leaders, she said, are those who are listeners and unifiers, and through them "we find common ground." Of course leaders share success but true leaders, she made clear, also accept responsibility for shortcomings and failures when they share success. 

As she ended her her address, Mrs. Hesselbein turned to the subject of mentoring, to how leaders take it upon themselves to inspire fellow travelers. For this, she remembered George Bernard Shaw's focus on mentoring:

"I am of the opinion that my life belongs to the community, and as long as I live, it is my privilege to do for it whatever I can. I want to be thoroughly used up when I die, for the harder I work, the more I live. Life is no 'brief candle' to me. It is a sort of splendid torch which I have got hold of for a moment, and I want to make it burn as brightly as possible before handing it on to the future generations."

— George Bernard Shaw

The destiny for her listeners, Frances Hesselbein made clear, is to hold that splendid torch high and, as leaders, "you will make it burn brightly." And, as much as any other point she made for the listeners at the Global Women's Leadership Summit, that future will be filled with leaders whose torches burn brightly. She was speaking to all of us, and — it seems to me — to all women listening to her. And I — because I am so optimistic about what they will do — was particularly pleased as she carefully addressed the millennials in the audience, the people who today represent our future's brightest hope, our new — perhaps — "greatest generation."

It was a remarkable address for that important conference, and it meant a lot to me to be able to hear what Mrs. Hesselbein had to say. And today I am very pleased to pay tribute to Frances Hesselbein with this post, to be able to express my gratitude for having her describe for us how we, as a society, can use leadership to dispel some of the distrust and cynicism that have been shoved into our societal discourse. And for paying tribute to Frances Hesselbein, there is not a better day to do so than today. November 1 is Frances Hesselbein's birthday and I want to go on record as presenting this remarkable woman with my very best wishes for a glorious day. From all of us — many admirers, faithful students and followers, and all of us who have come to appreciate all we have learned from you — we thank you, and we wish you the happiest of birthdays. Best wishes to you, Frances Hesselbein.

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Guy St. Clair is the author of Knowledge Services: A Strategic Framework for the 21st Century Organization (Munich and Boston: De Gruyter, 2016). His Amazon author page is amazon.com/author/guystclair.